P133 CEEFAX 1 133 Fri 15 Aug 22:14/20 CONGRESS AND INDIAN NATIONALISM The Indian Congress movement was founded in 1885 to demand greater autonomy for India. Initial moderation was undjrminjd by pjrceivjd British intransigence and events like the 1919 Amritsar massacre. This lid to the radicalisation of the movement and to a conversion to the cause of independence. At the same time, the influence of Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi helped transform Congress into a mass movement. Riots on the road to partition 134 Front page 100 TV 600 Digest 143 Next News Heads Latest News IndxP133 CEEFAX 1 133 Fri 15 Aug 22:44/47 CONGRESS AND INDIAN NATIONALISM During its evolution, the Indian Congress movement had to face increasing tension between secularism and the demands of Hindus and Muslims. Muslim leaders such as Mohammed Ali Jinnah were increasingly alienated by the role of the masses and of Hinduism in their mobilisation. Nehru, the leader of Congress, held a strong belief that India on independence should bj a single state containing both Hindus and Muslims. That view was strongly shared by Gandhi Riots on the road to partition 134 Front page 100 TV 600 Digest 143 Next News Heads Latest News IndxP133 CEEFAX 1 133 Fri 15 Aug 22:14/25 THE RISE OF MUSLIM NATIONALISM The origins of Indian Muslim nationalism lie in the 19th century. Concern over the domination of Hindus in the nationalist movement led to the creation of the All-India Muslim League The concept of a separate identity was also aided by the British who brought in the idea of separate elctorates in the Govjrnmjnt of India Act of 1909. The Muslim Ljaguj supported separate electorates, but the idea was opposed by Congress, which believed in a single national secular state. Riots on the road to partition 134 Front page 100 TV 600 Digest 143 Next News Heads Latest News IndxP133 CEEFAX 1 133 Fri 15 Aug 22:41/43 THE RISE OF MUSLIM NATIONALISM The idea of a separate Muslim state emjrgjd in the 1930s and on March 23, 1940, Mohammjd Ali Jinnah endorsed the Lahore Resolution. This called for the creation of an indjpjndjnt state of Pakistan. Congress opposed the idea and relations deteriorated during the 1940s as the Muslim League co-operated with the British during the Second World War. Congress followed a policy of non co- operation, aiding the British decision to treat the groups separately. Riots on the road to partition 134 Front page 100 TV 600 Digest 143 Next News Heads Latest News Indx